The Daily Life in Dnipropetrovsk in the Conditions of Post-war Reconstruction of 1944–1947 (by the Contemporaries' Memoirs)
Abstract
The aim is the daily life of inhabitants of the Dnipropetrovsk (Dnipro) are considered in the conditions of the first post-war years.
Research methods: historical and genetic; historical and comparative, system.
Main results. The situation in different spheres of city life, state of communal infrastructure, centralized water supply and heating, food supply, priority areas of development of the city economy are shown. The forms and methods of solving the acute problems of the post-war policy and each family, factors of the material and everyday condition of the working people are considered. The ways of restoring the residential area of the city are shown. The restoration of the housing stock was given in two directions: by repairing partially destroyed buildings and, to a lesser extent, by new construction. In the city, due to the lack of material and technical base, mostly one- and two-storey residential buildings were erected. The way out of the situation was the settlement of the incoming families in the apartment of the surviving state houses, as well as the provision of land to those who were ready to solve their housing problems at their own expense. The various spheres of life of the inhabitants of the city in 1944–1947, their social and economic problems are analyzed: the material and communal conditions of their everyday life, social behavior and strategies of survival of different categories of the population of the policy. The social deviations of the deviant character that took place at this time are shown. The situation in the city under conditions of famine of 1946–1947 was studied. The forms and methods of solving problems of specific categories of inhabitants of the city in this difficult period. The attention was paid to such categories as infants, children of nursery, kindergarten and schoolchildren and students of technical schools. The real situation with wages was investigated, it was found that due to the necessity of various types of voluntary and compulsory loans and mandatory taxes, it was low in itself, it could not ensure the proper existence of a person. It is shown that the system of ensuring food and real needs of the population, namely, normalized supply of food and cargoes through the trading network at government prices for cards. It was found that the supply of food and household goods was extremely unsatisfactory, incomparable with a negligible payment of labor, making the price even unattainable, even on the shelves. At the same time different norms were applied for the workers, for the unemployed, the workers of various sectors of the national economy, employees of different institutions and different rank. In parallel, there was state open (commercial) trade with high prices, and also - bazaars at their prices. Many residents of the city were forced to ride in the villages and exchange household items for food. An impoverished day-long menu of many inhabitants of Dnipropetrovsk consisted mainly of vegetable food. Despite the difficult conditions for the restoration of the industrial and residential sectors, the cityʼs social sphere was restored. Understand the destroyed buildings and exported garbage. Every year, thousands of trees were planted on the streets and in parks, new squares were broken, repairs of the pavement, sidewalks, dwelling houses were painted, and markets were adjusted according to sanitary requirements. Works were underway to increase the capacity of urban water supply. Hospitals, various kindergartens were restored. To provide everyday needs of the population, shops were open, workersʼ dining rooms, equipped sports, dance and playgrounds, parks were improved, new baths were renovated and new baths were introduced, working clubs were being built.
Main results. It is concluded that the everyday life of the first post-war years of Dnipropetrovsk was characterized by the difficult conditions of the existence of its inhabitants. Despite the ongoing rehabilitation of the city material, domestic and communal conditions of their existence were determined by the complex socio-economic situation, severe socio-demographic consequences of the war, as well as causes of a natural climatic nature. All this determined the strategies of their existence in the difficult conditions in which the majority of the city population, despite the difficulties, continued to fulfill the basic purpose of the person – to live, work, raise and raise children.
Practical significance. For the historians of the everyday life of Dnipropetrovsk in post-war times.
Originality. On the basis of research materials and memoirs of participants of events, the situation of the city's everyday life was reconstructed.
The scientific novelty. The article was first presented in the history of post-war Dnipropetrovsk through the prism of everyday life, the various spheres of the existence of its inhabitants.
Type of article: empirical.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Borodin, Ye. I. ta in., 2007. Dnipropetrovska oblast: istoriya i suchasnist' (do 75-richchya stvorennya) [Dnepropetrovska oblast: the history and modernity (to the 75th anniversary of creation)]. Dnipropetrovsk: Art-Pres (in Ukrainian).
Chernyavskiy, U. G., 1964. Voyna i prodovol'stvie: snabzhenie gorodskogo naseleniya v Velikoy Otechestvennoy voyne (1941–1945 gg.) [War and Food: Supply of the Urban Population in the Great Patriotic War (1941–1945)]. Moscow: Nauka (in Russian).
Danov, L. P., n.d. Spohady [Memoirs]. Oleksandr F. Nikiliev's own archive.
Detystova, M. D. , n.d. Spohady [Memoirs]. Oleksandr F. Nikiliev's own archive.
File 1. Inventory 1. Fund 4464. Dnipro: State Archives of Dnipropetrovska Oblast (hereinafter – SADO), p. 11.
File 18. Inventory 22. Fund 19. Dnipro: SADO, pp. 21, 33.
File 262. Inventory 4. Fund 19. Dnipro: SADO, p. 24.
File 294. Inventory 5. Fund 19. Dnipro: SADO, p. 14.
File 297. Inventory 3. Fund 18. Dnipro: SADO, p. 70–73.
File 402. Inventory 5. Fund 1. Dnipro: SADO, pp. 152, 158–160
Golubova, A. I., at all., 1998. Vosstanovlenie Pridneprovʼya. 1946–1950 [Recovery of the Dnipro Ukraine. 1946–1950]. Documents and materials. Kyiv: Politizdat Ukrainy (in Russian).
Honcharenko, V. V., n.d. Spohady [Memoirs]. Oleksandr F. Nikiliev's own archive.
Khodachynska, M. I., n.d. Spohady [Memoirs]. Oleksandr F. Nikiliev's own archive.
Kovaleva, I. F., 2008. Zhizn' provedennaya v mogile: ispoved' arkheologa [Life in the tomb: confession of the archaeologist]. Dnipropetrovsk: Art-Press (in Russian).
Krupyna, V., 2010. Povoyenna vlada Radyans'koyi Ukrayiny v otsintsi hromadyan. [The post-war power of Soviet Ukraine in the assessment of citizens]. In: Danylenko, V. M., ed. in chief, 2010. Povoyenna Ukrayina: narysy sotsial'noyi istoriyi (druha polovyna 1940-kh – seredyna 1950-kh rr.) [Post-war Ukraine: Essays on Social History (second half of 1940s - mid 1950s)]. In 2 vols, 3 parts. Kyiv: Institute of History of Ukraine NAS of Ukraine, vol. 1, part 1-2, pp. 150–172 (in Ukrainian).
Kukhorieva, I. S., n.d. Spohady [Memoirs]. Oleksandr F. Nikiliev's own archive.
Mordan, V. I., n.d. Spohady [Memoirs]. Oleksandr F. Nikiliev's own archive.
Nikiliev, O. F., 1998. Pislyavoyennyy holod na Dnipropetrovshchyni [Postwar famine in Dnipropetrovsk region]. In: Holod 1946–1947 rokiv v Ukrayini: prychyny i naslidky [The famine of 1946–1947 in Ukraine: causes and consequences]. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference. Kyiv; New York, pp. 127–129 (in Ukrainian).
Nikiliev, O. F., 2001. Nimetsʼka okupatsiya Dnipropetrovshchyny ta yiyi naslidky [German occupation of Dnipropetrovsk region and its consequences]. Voprosy germanskoy istorii [Questions of German History]. Dnipropetrovsk: Publishing house of the Dnipropetrovsk University, pp. 239–246 (in Ukrainian).
Piddubna, K. D. ta Nikilyev, O. F., 2017. Stan ta diyal'nist' dytyachykh budynkiv na Dnipropetrovshchyni u pershi povoyenni roky (1945–1950): istoriohrafichnyy aspekt [The state and activity of orphanages in the Dnipropetrovsk region in the first postwar years (1945–1950): the historiographical aspect]. Prydniprov'ya: istoryko-krayeznavchi doslidzhennya. Dnipro: Grani, issue 15, pp. 202–210 (in Ukrainian).
Vorushko, P. R., n.d. Spohady [Memoirs]. Oleksandr F. Nikiliev's own archive.
Yankovska, O., 2010. Sotsial'na polityka derzhavy ochyma robitnykiv i selyan [Social policy of the state through the eyes of workers and peasants]. In: Danylenko, V. M., ed. in chief, 2010. Povoyenna Ukrayina: narysy sotsialʼnoyi istoriyi (druha polovyna 1940-kh – seredyna 1950-kh rr.) [Post-war Ukraine: Essays on Social History (second half of 1940s - mid 1950s)]. In 2 vols, 3 parts. Kyiv: Institute of History of Ukraine NAS of Ukraine, vol. 1, part 1-2, pp. 293–348 (in Ukrainian).
Zahuta N. I., n.d. Spohady [Memoirs]. Oleksandr F. Nikiliev's own archive.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/30190216
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
© Roxolania Historĭca = Historical Roxolania, 2018-2020